ABSTRACT
Plant and algal LDs are gaining popularity as a promising non-chemical technology for the production of lipids and oils. In general, these organelles are composed of a neutral lipid core surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer and various surface-associated proteins. Many studies have shown that LDs are involved in numerous biological processes such as lipid trafficking and signaling, membrane remodeling, and intercellular organelle communications. To fully exploit the potential of LDs for scientific research and commercial applications, it is important to develop suitable extraction processes that preserve their properties and functions. However, research on LD extraction strategies is limited. This review first describes recent progress in understanding the characteristics of LDs, and then systematically introduces LD extraction strategies. Finally, the potential functions and applications of LDs in various fields are discussed. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the properties and functions of LDs, as well as potential approaches for their extraction and utilization. It is hoped that these findings will inspire further research and innovation in the field of LD-based technology.
ABSTRACT
Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is one among the Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) which might occur due to genetic, environmental, physiological and behavioural factors. MetS is increasing alarmingly in the population. Addressing the modifiable factors to reduce the risk is of prime importance. The current study is intended to observe the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome criteria with respect to its relation to lifestyle factors among subjects post pandemic situation and the MetS incidence to understand how the disease can be prevented and the means to improve the public health. Random sampling method was used to enrol 20-50 year old (male and female) urban adults of Bengaluru into the study. Type-I-diabetics, lactating and pregnant women, post-cardiac surgery/ pre-post-transplant/ covid-19 recovered patients were excluded. Height, weight, Waist-Circumference (WC) and hip-circumference were measured. BMI and Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR) were calculated. Fasting Blood Glucose (FBS), Triglycerides (TG), HDL, Blood Pressure (BP) values were analysed and recorded. Diet recall was captured and calories consumed per day was estimated. The habits of exercise routine, smoking, tobacco chewing and alcohol were observed. IDF (International Diabetes Federation, 2006) criteria was used to categorise MetS. The data was analysed using relevant statistical tools. A total of 1211 adults (females 486 and males 725) were assessed. High WC indicating central obesity was observed in 55%. High FBS was observed in 29%. Hyper-triglyceridemia was more in males (36%) than females (19%). Low HDL was observed in 65% females against 43% males. High BP was observed among 10% in males and 8% in females. Lack of exercise was observed among 81% of the adults. Due to pandemic situation 10.7% stopped doing exercise. Moderate activity in 5.6% and vigorous activity in 2.8% was recorded;68% of the subjects were consuming >2000 calories/day on an average;18.6% were alcoholic. MetS was observed in 10.6% and MetS-2 criteria in 33.4% and MetS-1criteria in 24.5% before pandemic situation and post pandemic there was an increase. MetS was observed in 12.2% and MetS-2criteria in 49.7% and MetS-1criteria in 27.9% post pandemic. The lack of exercise and high-calorie consumption had a significant correlation with altered lipid values and central obesity. High WC had significant relation to High BMI. WHR had very significant correlation with high FBS and TG. Women had significantly high WC compared to men. The alcohol habit had a significant correlation with hypertriglyceridemia in males. Increased calorie consumption had a moderate correlation with raised FBS and WHR. MetS was significantly observed in those who had lack of exercise, high calorie consumption and alcohol habit. Findings suggest that MetS is in rise in 31-50 year age group. Central obesity, dyslipidemia and high FBS were predominant in 31-40 year group. High BP was observed in 45-50 years age group. Identifying and educating the young adults to correct their life style is the need of the hour to reduce increase of MetS in community.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the predictive values of fasting blood glucose and triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C) in non-diabetic patients with COVID-19. Methods: A total of 39 non-diabetic patients with COVID-19 admitted to the Fourth Hospital of Xi'an from December 2021 to January 2022 were included. And 34 health examination subjects from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University were matched as health control according to their propensity score. The clinical characteristics and laboratory test results between groups were compared, and the predictive value of fasting glucose and TG/HDL-C in non-diabetic COVID-19 patients was analyzed by logistic regression and receiver operating curve (ROC). Results: COVID-19 patients were either mild (30 cases) or common type (9 cases) with mild symptoms and good clinical prognosis. The median age was 29.0 (20.0, 49.0) years, 24 (61.5%) were males. Fasting blood glucose (4.30+or-0.47 mmol/L) and HDL-C [1.07 (0.86, 1.30) mmol/L] levels in COVID-19 patients were significantly lower than healthy controls [5.15+or-0.70 mmol/L, 2.24 (1.77, 3.05) mmol/L], the differences were statistically significant (t=6.277, P < 0.001;Z=6.026, P < 0.001). However, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) [2.40 (1.81, 2.91) mmol/L] and TG/HDL-C [0.91 (0.54, 1.52)] in COVID-19 patients were significantly increased compared to healthy controls [1.11 (0.99, 1.30) mmol/L, 0.54 (0.33, 0.90)], and the differences were statistically significant (Z=-6.271, -2.801, all P < 0.005). Logistic regression analysis showed that fasting blood glucose on admission could be an independent protective factor (OR:0.020, 95% CI: 0.003 ~ 0.150) and elevated TG/HDL-C be a risk factor (OR:4.802, 95% CI: 1.249 ~ 18.460) for COVID-19 infection among non-diabetic populations. The ROC curve showed that fasting blood glucose and TG/HDL-C were good at predicting the risk of COVID-19, and the area under the curve (AUC) were 0.871 and 0.708, respectively, and was 0.895 when combined. Conclusion: Decreased fasting blood glucose and elevated TG/HDL-C would be risk factors for COVID-19 infection in the non-diabetic population, and both have good predictive value for the incidence of COVID-19.
ABSTRACT
Background: The world is still experiencing corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. So far, we experienced a total of more than 23 crore cases and 47 lakh deaths from COVID 19 disease. Severe acute respiratory syndrome - corona virus - 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was believed to affect lipid metabolism, with many authors reporting an increase in triglycerides and a decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. This study gave the clinical features of COVID-19 patients with various HDL-C levels and an interrelation between HDL-C levels and the risk for adverse outcome in the form of deaths. Methods: We conducted a cross sectional study on 100 COVID-19 adult patients diagnosed by reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test admitted to the medicine department, from January 2020 to December 2020, who were also tested for lipid parameters. The detailed history and lab parameters of the patients were collected and the severe outcome of the same was measured in terms of deaths. Results: The mean age of study participants was 57.92 +or- 12.41 years. Majority of the participants were from the age group of 41 to 60 years with 50 patients (50%). There were 73 males (73%) and 27 females (27%) in our study. We observed that a total of 36 patients had co-morbidities (36%), such as diabetes seen in 22 cases (22%), hypertension in 18 cases (18%), ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in 8 cases (8%). A significant association was seen between the presence of co-morbidities and deaths in our study (P = 0.043). A significant association was seen between the patients who required intensive care and deaths (P < 0.001). We found a significant difference between the triglycerides and HDL parameters of lipid profiles in patients who died as compared to those who survived. (P < 0.05) The mean triglyceride level in patients who died was 223.14 +or- 56.59, significantly higher than those who survived 134.43 +or- 96.16. (P = 0.003) Conclusions: The lipid profile evaluation in our study was found to be effective in detecting the correlation of severity and outcome in COVID-19 patients. We conclude that the severity of COVID-19 cases is associated with low HDL and high triglyceride levels.
ABSTRACT
Research evidence suggests that adipocytes in obesity might facilitate SARS-CoV-2 replication, for it was only found in adipose tissue of individuals with overweight or obesity but not lean individuals who died from COVID-19. As lipid metabolism is key to adipocyte function, and viruses are capable of exploiting and manipulating lipid metabolism of host cells for their own benefit of infection, we hypothesize that adipocytes could not only impair host immune defense against viral infection, but also facilitate SARS-CoV-2 entry, replication and assembly as a reservoir to boost the viral infection in obesity. The latter of which could mainly be mediated by SARS-CoV-2 hijacking the abnormal lipid metabolism in the adipocytes. If these were to be confirmed, an approach to combat COVID-19 in people with obesity by taking advantage of the abnormal lipid metabolism in adipocytes might be considered, as well as modifying lipid metabolism of other host cells as a potential adjunctive treatment for COVID-19.
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Background: SARS-CoV-2, as the leading cause of COVID-19 disease, can cause kidney disorders characterized by the presence of hematuria, increased creatinine, and other kidney pathological conditions. Since a 24-hour urine examination as the gold standard for urea examination has several weaknesses, it is necessary to carry out an alternative examination method especially, the Urea Creatinine Ratio (UCR). This study evaluates the correlation between UCR and lipid profile in COVID-19 patients.
ABSTRACT
In this work, the production of renewable hydrocarbons was explored by the means of waste cottonseed oil (WCSO) micropyrolysis at 500 °C. Catalytic upgrading of the pyrolysis vapors was studied using α-Al2O3, γ-Al2O3, Mo-Co/γ-Al2O3, and Mo-Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalysts. The oxygen removal efficiency was much lower in non-catalytic pyrolysis (18.0%), whilst γ-Al2O3 yielded a very high oxygen removal efficiency (91.8%), similar to that obtained with Mo-Co/γ-Al2O3 (92.8%) and higher than that attained with Mo-Ni/γ-Al2O3 (82.0%). Higher conversion yields into total renewable hydrocarbons were obtained with Mo-Co/γ-Al2O3 (61.9 wt.%) in comparison to Mo-Ni/γ-Al2O3 (46.6%). GC/MS analyses showed a relative chemical composition of 31.3, 86.4, and 92.6% of total renewable hydrocarbons and 58.7, 7.2, and 4.2% of oxygenated compounds for non-catalytic bio-oil (BOWCSO), BOMoNi and BOMoCo, respectively. The renewable hydrocarbons that were derived from BOMoNi and BOMoCo were mainly composed by olefins (35.3 and 33.4%), aromatics (31.4 and 28.9%), and paraffins (13.8 and 25.7%). The results revealed the catalysts' effectiveness in FFA decarbonylation and decarboxylation, as evidenced by significant changes in the van Krevelen space, with the lowest O/C ratio values for BOMoCo and BOMoNi (O/C = 0-0.10) in relation to the BOWCSO (O/C = 0.10-0.20), and by a decrease in the presence of oxygenated compounds in the catalytic bio-oils.